Despite doctrinal differences on various other topics, most Christians agree that a
day of rest is an integral part of the Christian life. But on
which day are we to rest?"By the seventh day God had finished the work he had been doing; so on the seventh day he rested from all his work. And God blessed
the seventh day and made it holy, because on it he rested from all the work of creating that he had done" (Genesis 2:2, 3). The very word "sabbath" means rest, and to rest implies that you have labored. It's logical, then, for God to have designated the last day of the week a day of rest. "The seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God" (Exodus 20:10).
Language reflects the customs of the culture that speaks it. Nearly every culture, from Babylon through modern times, rested on the seventh day. As languages developed, the name for the seventh day of the week remained "rest day." In the mid 19th century, Dr. William Meade Jones created this "Chart of the Week," listing the name for the seventh day in 160 languages, including some of the most ancient (shown below). Babylonian, in use hundreds of years before Abraham or the giving of the Ten Commandments at Sinai, calls
the seventh day of the week sa-ba-tu, meaning "rest day."
Even today more than 100 languages worldwide, many of them unrelated to ancient Hebrew, use the word "Sabbath" for
Saturday—and none of them designate any other day as a day of rest. Though the world's language groups have evolved so as to be unintelligible from each other, the word for the seventh day of the week has remained fairly recognizable.
The Sabbath predates Judaism
For the thousands of years since Judaism began, an entire nation of Jews has kept track of the weekly cycle and observed the
seventh day Sabbath, sometimes even without a calendar. Nevertheless, many rationalize that it's impossible to verify which day of the week is actually the biblical Sabbath because Pope Gregory XIII
changed the calendar. The Julian calendar, instituted by Julius Caesar around 46 B.C., calculated the length of the year as 365 ¼ days. In reality, the year is 11 minutes less than 365 ¼ days. So by the 1580s, the calendar and the solar cycle were ten days off. In 1582, Gregory changed the calendar so that Friday, October 5, became Friday, October 15, creating the Gregorian calendar we use today. But it did not confuse the days of the week; Friday still follows Thursday, Saturday still follows Friday, and so on and so forth.
Exodus 16 recounts a series of
weekly Sabbath miracles over a period of forty years. God reiterated the Sabbath at Sinai (Exodus 20:8-11), and the Jews were still observing the seventh day when Jesus was born. Jesus kept the Sabbath (Luke 4:16; 23:54, 56; 24:1) until his death, which Luke indicates occurred on the day before the Sabbath: "Going to Pilate, [Joseph of Arimathea] asked for Jesus' body. Then he took it down, wrapped it in linen cloth and placed it in a tomb cut in the rock, one in which no one had yet been laid. It was Preparation Day, and the Sabbath was about to begin" (Luke 23:52-54). Luke goes on to describe the actions of the women who followed Jesus. "The women who had come with Jesus from Galilee followed Joseph and saw the tomb and how his body was laid in it.
"Then they went home and prepared spices and perfumes. But they rested on the Sabbath in obedience to the commandment. On the first day of the week, very early in the morning, the women took the spices they had prepared and went to the tomb" (Luke 23:55, 56; 24:1). The women discovered that Jesus had risen on Sunday morning; Christians acknowledge this fact by celebrating Easter. The day on which the women rested between the preparation day (Friday) when Jesus died, and the first day of the week (Easter Sunday) when Jesus rose again, had to be Saturday. Scripture clearly portrays God designating the seventh day of the week as the Sabbath, and throughout the centuries of history recounted in the Bible, His followers celebrated it as such. Unless it was changed, the seventh day is still the Sabbath. So why do so many people today honor Sunday, the first day of the week, instead of the seventh day? (
Why do so many people worship on Sunday?)
Chart of the Week (Showing the position of the true Sabbath)
Compiled by Dr. William Meade Jones, 1887
LANGUAGE (Where Spoken, Read, or Otherwise Used) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Name of the SEVENTH DAY |
Shemitic Hebrew Bible world-wide | Day One | Day Second | Day Third | Day Fourth | Day Fifth | Day the Sixth | Yom hash-shab-bath Day the Sabbath |
Hebrew (Ancient and Modern) | One into the Sabbath | Second into the Sabbath | Third into the Sabbath | Fourth into the Sabbath | Fifth into the Sabbath | Eve of Holy Sabbath | Shab-bathSabbath |
Targum of Onkelos (Hebrew Literature) | Day One | Day Second | Day Third | Day Fourth | Day Fifth | Day the Sixth | Yom hash-shab-bath Day the Sabbath |
Targum Dialect of the Jews in Kurdistan | Day One of the Seven | Day 2nd of the Seven | Day 3rd of the Seven | Day 4th of the Seven | Day 5th of the Seven | Day of Eve (of Sabbath) | yoy-met sha-bat kodesh Holy Sabbath Day |
Ancient Syriac *Each day proceeds on, and belongs to the Sabbath | One into Sabbath | Two into Sabbath | Three into Sabbath | Four into Sabbath | Five into Sabbath | Eve (of Sabbath) | Shab-ba-tho Sabbath |
Chaldee Syriac Kurdistan and Urdmia, Persia | One into Sabbath | Two into Sabbath | Three into Sabbath | Four into Sabbath | Five into Sabbath | Eve (of Sabbath) | Shap-ta Sabbath |
Samaritan (Old Hebrew Letters) Nablus, Palestine | Day One | Day Second | Day Third | Day Fourth | Day Fifth | Day Sixth | Shab-bath Sabbath |
Babylonian Euphrates Tigris Valleys Mesopotamia (Written lang. 3800 B.C.) | First | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth | Sixth | Sa-ba-tu Sabbath |
Assyrian Euphrates and Tigris Valleys, Mesopotamia | First | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth | Sixth | sa-ba-tu Sabbath |
Arabic (Very old names) | Business Day | Light Moon | War Chief | Turning Day or Midweek | Familiar or Society Day | Eve (of Sabbath) | Shi-yar Chief or Rejoicing Day |
Arabic (Ancient and Modern) Westn. Asia, E,W & N. Africa | The One | The Two | The Three | The Four | The Fifth | Assembly (day, Muham) | as-sabt The Sabbath |
Maltese, Malta | One (day) | Two (and day) | The 3 (3rd d.) | The 4 (4th d.) | Fifth (day) | Assembly | Is-sibt. The Sabbath |
Ge-ez or Ethiopic Abyssinia (Ge-ez signifies "original") | One (day) | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth | Eve (of Sabbath) | san-bat Sabbath |
Tigre Abyssinia (Closely related to Ge-ez) | One (First day) | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth | Eve (of Sabbath) | san-bat Sabbath |
Amharic, Abyssinia (Nearly related to Ge-ez) | One | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth | Eve (of Sabbath) | san-bat Sabbath |
Falasha (Language of the Jews of Abyssinia) | One | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth | Sixth | yini sanbat The Sabbath |
Coptic Egypt (A dead lang. for 200 years) | The First Day | The 2nd Day | The 3rd Day | The 4th Day | The 5th Day | The 6th Day | pi sabbaton The Sabbath |
Orma or Galla South of Abyssinia (This language has two sets of names, the first being the oldest) | Lady, Virgin Mary Day. Great or Festival Sabbath | Second day. First Trade Day | 3rd Day to the Sabbath. Second Trade Day | 4th day to the Sabbath. Fourth (day) | Fifth (day) | Assembly (day) | Last day of the half-week inclusive of 4th day Little or Humble or Solemn Sabbath (A day of no ceremonial display and no work) |
Tamashek or Towarek (From ancient Lybian or Numidian). Atlas Mountains, Africa. | First day | Second day | Third day | Fourth day | Fifth day | Assembly Day | a-hal es-sabt. The Sabbath Day |
Kabyle or Berber. (Ancient Numidian) North Africa | Day the One (First) | Day the Two (2nd) | Day the Three (3rd) | Day the Four (4th) | Day the Fifth | The Assembly Day | ghas or wars assebt The Sabbath Day |
Hausa (Central Africa) | The One (1st) | The Two (2nd) | The Three (3rd) | The Four (4th) | The Fifth | The Assembly | assebatu The Sabbath |
Urdu or Hindustani (Muhammadan and Hindu, India) (Two names for the days) | One to Sabbath. Sunday | 2nd to Sabbath. Moon-day | 3rd to Sabbath. Mars | 4th to Sabbath. Mercury | 5th to Sabbath. (Eve of Juma) | Assembly (day) | sanichar - Saturn shamba - Sabbath |
Pashto or Afghan Afghanistan | One to the Sabbath | Two to Sabbath | Three to Sabbath | Four to Sabbath | Five to Sabbath | Assembly (day) | khali - Unemployed-day, Shamba - Sabbath |
The table above includes some of the oldest languages known to man. One of these, the Babylonian language, was in use hundreds of years before the Hebrew race was founded by Abraham. That language designated the seventh day of the week as "sa-ba-tu", meaning rest day -- another indisputable proof that the Bible "Sabbath" was not, and is not, exclusively Jewish.
Very few realize that the word "Sabbath" and the concept of resting from work on the seventh day of the week (Saturday) is common to most of the ancient and modern languages of the world. This is evidence totally independent of the Scriptures that confirms the biblical teaching that God's seventh-day Sabbath predates Judaism. The concept of a Saturday holy day of rest was understood, accepted, and practiced by virtually every culture from Babylon through modern times.
In the study of the many languages of mankind, you will find two important facts:
- In the majority of the principal languages the last, or seventh, day of the week is designated as "Sabbath."
- There is not even one language that designates another day as the "day of rest."
From these facts we may conclude that not only those people who called the last day of the week "Sabbath," but all other peoples and races, as far as they recognized any day of the week as "Sabbath," rested on the seventh day. In fact, it was recorded by the great historian Sozomen that in his time the whole known world, with the exception of Rome and Alexandria, observed the seventh day of the week.
"The people of Constantinople, and almost everywhere, assemble together on the Sabbath, as well as on the first day of the week, which custom is never observed at Rome or at Alexandria" (Socrates, "Ecclesiastical History," Book 7, chap.19).
Another interesting fact is that the words in the original languages that are used to designate the seventh day of the week as the "Sabbath" have continued to be very similar while the other words have been so changed over time that they are unintelligible to people of other language groups. This is another proof that the Sabbath and the words used to designate the seventh day of the week as the "Sabbath day" originated at Creation in complete harmony with the biblical record found in Genesis 2:1–3.
Language List
Language | Word for Saturday/7thDay | Meaning |
Greek | Sabbaton | Sabbath |
Latin (Italy) | Sabbatum | Sabbath |
Spanish (Spain) | Sábado | Sabbath |
Portuguese (Portugal) | Sabbado | Sabbath |
Italian (Italy) | Sabbato | Sabbath |
French (France) | Samedi | Sabbath day |
High German (Germany) | Samstag | Sabbath |
Prussian (Prussia) | Sabatico | Sabbath |
Russian (Russia) | Subbota | Sabbath |
Polish | Sobota | Sabbath |
Hebrew | Shabbath | Sabbath |
Afaghan | Shamba | Sabbath |
Hindustani | Shamba | Sabbath |
Persian | Shambin | Sabbath |
Arabic | Assabt | The Sabbath |
Turkish | Yomessabt | Day Sabbath |
Malay | Ari-Sabtu | Day Sabbath |
Abyssinian | Sanbat | Sabbath |
Lusatian (Saxony) | Sobota | Sabbath |
Bohemian | Sobota | Sabbath |
Bulgarian (Bulgaria) | Subbota | Sabbath |
New Slovenian (Illyria, in Austria) | Sobota | Sabbath |
Illyrian (Dalmatia, Servia) | Subota | Sabbath |
Wallachian (Roumania or Wallachia) | Sambata | Sabbath |
Roman (Sapin, Catalonia) | Dissapte | Day Sabbath |
Ecclesiastical Roman (Italy) | Sabbatum | Sabbath |
D'oc. French (ancient and modern) | Dissata | Day Sabbath |
Norman French (10th -11th Centuries) | Sabbedi | Sabbath Day |
Wolof (Senegambia, West Africa) | Alere-Asser | Last Day Sabbath |
Congo (West Equatorial Africa) | Sabbado or Kiansbula | Sabbath |
Orma (South of Abyssiania) | Zam-ba-da | Sabbath |
Kazani - TARTAR (East Russia) | Subbota | Sabbath |
Osmanlian (Turkey) | Yome-es-sabt | day of the Sabbath |
Arabic (Very old names) | Shi-yar | Chief or rejoicing day |
Ancient Syriac | Shab-ba-tho | Sabbath |
Chaldee Syriac (Kurdistan,Urumia,Persia) | Shaptu | Sabbath |
Babylonian Syriac (A Very Old Language) | Sa-Ba-tu | Sabbath |
Maltese (Malta) | Is-sibt | the Sabbath |
Ethiopic (Abyssinia) | San-bat | Sabbath |
Coptic (Egypt) | Pi sabbaton | the Sabbath |
Tamashek (Atlas mountains, Africa) | A-hal es-sabt | the Sabbath |
Kabyle (North Africa, Ancient Numidan) | Ghas assebt | the Sabbath day |
Hausa (Central Africa) | Assebatu | the Sabbath |
Pasto (Afghanistan) | Shamba | Sabbath (pleasantest day of the week) |
Pahlivi (ancient Persian) | Shambid | Sabbath |
Persian (Persia) | Shambah | Sabbath |
Armenian (Armenia) | Shapat | Sabbath |
Kurdish (Kurdistan) | Shamba | Sabbath |
Ndebele (Zimbabwe) | Sabatha | Sabbath |
Shona (Zimbabwe) | Sabata | Sabbath |
Miscellaneous Middle Ages Languages |
Georgian (Caucasus) | Shabati | Sabbath |
Suanian (Caucasus) | Sammtyn | Sabbath |
Ingoush (Caucasus) | Shatt | Sabbath |
Malayan (Malaya, Sumatra) | Hari sabtu | day Sabbath |
Javanese (Java) | Saptoe or saptu | Sabbath |
Dayak (Borneo) | Sabtu | Sabbath |
Makassar (s. Celebes & Salayer islands) | Sattu | Sabbath |
Malagassy (Madagascar) | Alsabotsy | The Sabbath |
Swahili (east equatorial Africa) | Sabato | The Sabbath |
Mandingo (west Africa, s. of Senegal) | Sibiti | Sabbath |
Teda (central Africa) | Essebdu | The Sabbath |
Bornu (central Africa) | Assebdu | The Sabbath |
Logone (central Africa) | Se-sibde | The Sabbath |
Bagrimma (central Africa) | Sibbedi | Sabbath |
Maba (central Africa) | Sab | Sabbath |
Permian (Russian) | Subota | Sabbath |
Votiak (Russian) | Subbota | Sabbath |
- Emily Thomsen